Approaching the GAO - GDO threat according to its illicit financing
Abstract
This article deals with the organized groups outside the law -GAO and GDO- and their strategic growth with respect to security issues and the criminal increase of their actions, with the help of the increase of their capital, through the sources of financing they use. In order to prove this assertion, a search of fifty academic and non-academic articles was carried out in specialized databases to which the Universidad Militar Nueva Granada and the Universidad del Rosario have access.
In order to relate concepts and variables, elements such as: drug trafficking, money laundering, illegal business, human trafficking, corruption, illegal mining and trafficking of flora and fauna were developed. The main conclusion is that there is a relationship between the relevance of money laundering activities and the survival, perpetuation and growth of these groups through purchasing power.
Downloads
References
Maldonado Sarmiento, I. E., & Rozo Gutiérrez, L. M. (2014). Convergencia de los grupos armados organizados al margen de la ley en la minería aurífera aluvial en la subregión del Bajo Cauca antioqueño. Criminalidad, 119 - 138. Recuperado de: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5125446.pdf.
Albanese, J. (2008). Risk Assessment in Organized Crime Developing a Market and Product-Based Model to Determine Threat Levels. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 263-273. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249713873_Risk_Assessment_in_Organized_CrimeDeveloping_a_Market_and_Product-Based_Model_to_Determine_Threat_Levels. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986208318225
Aleksoski, S. (2015). Money Laudering as a type of organized crime. Journal of Process Management - New Technologies, International, 44- 53. Recuperado de: https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/2334-735X/2015/2334-735X1503044A.pdf.
Barone, R., & Masciandro, D. (2010). Organized crime, money laundering and legal economy: theory and simulations. European Journal of Law and Economics, 115-142. Recuperado de: https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/ejlwec/v32y2011i1p115-142.html. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-010-9203-x
Barone, R., Side, D. D., & Masciandaro, y. D. (2018). Drug trafficking, money laundering and the business cycle: Does secular stagnation include crime? Metroeconomica, 409-426. Recuperado de: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/meca.12193. https://doi.org/10.1111/meca.12193
Bartolomé, M. (2006). Situacion del Crimen Oganizado en America Latina. Ágora Internacional, 16-20. Recuperado de: https://www.academia.edu/2919288/_2009_Situaci%C3%B3n_del_Crimen_Organizado_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina.
Betancourt, L. F. (2014). Cooperación policial entre Colombia y Centroamérica y el Caribe: El Crimen Organizado y el accionar de Ameripol bajo el enfoque multidimensional de la Seguridad Hemisférica. Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe colombiano. Recuperado de: https://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid...88862014000200011.
Bojicic-Dzelilovic, V., Kostovicova, D., Escobar, M., & Bjelica, y. J. (2015). Organised crime and international aid subversion: evidence from Colombia and Afghanistan. Third World Quarterly, 1887-1905. Recuperado de: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2015.1070664. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1070664
Cabarcas, F. S. (2011). Evolución del régimen de control y financiación del terrorismo. Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad, 21-34. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1909-30632011000200002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=pt. https://doi.org/10.18359/ries.114
Chin, K.-L. (2015). Criminal Activities. En K.-L. Chin, Heijin Organized Crime, Business, and Politics in Taiwan (págs. 46-62). London: Routledge. Recuperado de: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=92OlDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Clavería, J. R. (2011). El Crimen Organizado. Instituto de Estudio en Seguridad, 1-26. Recuperado de: https://www.galileo.edu/ies/files/2011/04/EL_CRIMEN_ORGANIZADO-IES.pdf.
Cruz, D. S. (2016). Franquicias para el Delito. Nueva Sociedad, 107- 119. Recuperado de: https://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/sectores/articulo/como-es-el-negocio-de-las-franquicias-en-colombia/241046.
Escobedo, R., & Guío, y. N. (2015). Oro, crimen organizado y guerrillas en Quibdó. Fundación Ideas para la Paz, 1-57. Recuperado de: http://cdn.ideaspaz.org/media/website/document/55b94e00763eb.pdf.
Giraldo Paredes, H., Ocampo España, J. F., Tuta Niño, F. A., Gallego Ortiz, M., & López Flórez, Y. (2015). ¿Por qué las personas ingresan a la delincuencia organizada? Análisis del fenómeno en Santiago de Cali. Criminalidad, 103-119. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1794-31082015000100008.
Gottschalk, P. (2007). Managing criminal organisations. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 289-301. Recuperado de: https://scholar.google.com.co/scholar?q=Gottschalk,+P.+(2007).+Managing+criminal+organisations.+International+Journal+of+Police+Science+%26+Management+,+289-301&hl=es&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2008.10.3.85
Haman, J. E. (2008). Redes criminales transnacionales: Principal amenaza para la seguridad internacional en la posguerra fría. Criminalidad, 371 - 384. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S1794-31082008000100012&script=sci_abstract&tlng=es.
Holmes, S., & Kent, y. P. (1991). An empirical analysis of the financial structure of the small and large australian manufacturing enterprises. Journal of Small Business Finance, 141-154. Recuperado de: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2c05/8c06ece37b48547a0e8736880decc9b228a2.pdf.
J, J. S. (2015). Crimen Organizado: Una aproximación al fenómeno . Gaceta Internacional de Ciencias Forenses. Recuperado de: https://www.uv.es/gicf/4A3_Jimenez_GICF_14.pdf.
Kleemans, E. (2012). Organized crime and the visible hand: A theoretical critique on the economic analysis of organized crime. Criminology &Criminal Justice, 615-629. Recuperado de: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1748895812465296?journalCode=crjb. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-012-9173-1
Langhorn, M. (2018). Human Trafficking and Sexual Servitude: Organised Crime’s Involvement in Australia. Salus Journal, 1-25. Recuperado de: http://www.salusjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/03/Langhorn_Salus_Journal_Volume_6_Number_1_2018_pp_1-25.pdf.
Offstein, N. (2003). An Historical Review and Analysis of Colombian Guerrilla Movements: FARC, ELN and EPL. Desarrollo y Sociedad, 99- 142. Recuperado de: https://revistas.uniandes.edu.co/doi/abs/10.13043/dys.52.4. https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.52.4
Pietschmann, T. (2011). Estimating illicit financial flow resulting from durg trafficking and other transnational organized crimes. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 3- 138. Recuperado de: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Illicit-financial-flows_31Aug11.pdf.
Ponsaers, P. (2008). Does the informal economy link to organised crime? . International Journal of Social Economics, 644-650. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23648956_Does_the_informal_economy_link_to_organised_crime. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290810896262
Prieto, C. A. (2013). Las Bacrim y el crimen organizado en Colombia. FES SEGURIDAD. Recuperado de: https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/la-seguridad/09714.pdf.
Rojas, F. (2002). El terrorismo global y América Latina. Revistas Usal. España. Recuperado de: http://revistas.usal.es/index.php/1130-2887/article/view/2367. Recuperado de: http://www.congreso.gob.pe/carpetatematica/2018/carpeta_035/bibliografia/.
Sampieri, R. H. (2014). Metodología de la investigación. Ciudad de Mexico: McGraw Hill. Recuperado de: https://www.esup.edu.pe/descargas/dep_investigacion/Metodologia%20de%20la%20investigaci%C3%B3n%205ta%20Edici%C3%B3n.pdf.
Sampo, C. (2017). Narcotráfico y Trata de personas, una muestra de cómo el crimen organizado avanza en Argentina. Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategias y Seguridad, 267-286. Recuperado de: https://revistas.unimilitar.edu.co/index.php/ries/article/view/2774.
Savona, E., & De Feo, M. (1997). International Money Laundering Trends and Prevention/Control Policies. En E. Savona, & y. D. M.A, Responding to Money Laundering: International Perspectives (págs. 23-25). Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280198807_International_anti-money_laundering_programs.
Schneider, F. (2010). Money Laundering and Financial Means of Organized Crime: Some Preliminary Empirical Findings. Economics of Security , 1-29. Recuperado de: https://www.uibk.ac.at/economics/bbl/bblpapierews0708/schneider.pdf.
Schneider, F. (2010). The (Hidden) Financial Flows of Terrorist and Organized Crime Organizations: A Literature Review and Some Preliminary Empirical Results. Forschungsinstiut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor, 1-42. Recuperado de: https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp4860.html. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1584191
Sellin, T. (1963). Combating Organized Crime. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 12-19. Recuperado de: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/000271626334700102. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626334700103
Solis, L. G., & Rojas Aravena, F. (2008). Crimen Organizado en América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago de Chile: FLACSO. Recuperado de: https://biblio.flacsoandes.edu.ec/catalog/resGet.php?resId=42584.
Sousa, R. S. (2004). Narcotráfico y economía ilícita: las redes del crimen organizado en Río de Janeiro. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 141-192. Recuperado de: http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/rms/2004-1/RMS04105.pdf.
Sung, H. E. (2004). State failure, economic failure,and predatory organized: a comparative analysis. Journal of Research in crime and delinquency, 111-129. Recuperado de: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022427803257253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427803257253
Torrijos, V. (2010). Terrorismo Desmitificado verdades y mentiras sobre la violencia en Colombia. Relaciones Internacionales, estrategia y seguridad, 119 - 134. Recuperado de: https://revistas.unimilitar.edu.co/index.php/ries/article/view/135. https://doi.org/10.18359/ries.135
UNODC (2012). Estudios sobre tendencias económicas de la delincuencia organizada. Recuperado de Procuraduría: https://www.procuraduria.gov.co/portal/media/file/4%281%29.pdf.
UNODC (2011). Delincuencia organizada transnacional - La economía ilegal mundializada. Recuperado de Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito: https://www.unodc.org/documents/mexico/TOC12_fs_general_ES_HIRES.pdf.
UNODC (Septiembre de 2012). Delincuencia Organizada trasnacional en Centroamerica y el Caribe Una Evaluación de las Amenazas. Recuperado de Oficina de las Naciones Unidas: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/TOC_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_spanish.pdf.
Vásquez, H. T. (2013). La delincuencia organizada transnacional en Colombia. Díkaion, 109-130. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/dika/v22n1/v22n1a05.pdf. https://doi.org/10.5294/dika.2013.22.1.4
Vibes, P. (2001). Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 243-258. Recuperado de: https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/155620. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986201017003004
Viollaz, J., Graham, J., & Lantsman, y. L. (2018). Using script analysis to understand the financial crimes involved in wildlife trafficking. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1-20. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322728985_Using_script_analysis_to_understand_the_financial_crimes_involved_in_wildlife_trafficking. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9725-z
Wright, A. (2006). Dirty Buysiness: the political economy of organised crime. En A. Wright, Organised Crime (págs. 48-73). Cullompton: William Publishing. Recuperado de: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/17488958080080030702.
Zúñiga, V. T. (2016). Narcotráfico y el desafío a la seguridad en la triple frontera andina. Relaciones Internacionales, estrategia y seguridad, 103-130. Recuperado de: https://www.academia.edu/30916916/NARCOTR%C3%81FICO_Y_EL_DESAF%C3%8DO_A_LA_SEGURIDAD_EN_LA_TRIPLE_FRONTERA_ANDINA. https://doi.org/10.18359/ries.2466
